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Her sisters were actresses Eva and Magda Gabor. Gabor began her stage career in Vienna and was crowned Miss Hungary in Becoming a sought-after actress with "European flair and style", she was considered to have a personality that "exuded charm and grace". She later acted in We're Not Married! Huston would later describe her as a "creditable" actress. Outside her acting career, Gabor was known for her extravagant Hollywood lifestyle, her glamorous personality, and her many marriages.
She once stated, "Men have always liked me and I have always liked men. But I like a mannish man, a man who knows how to talk to and treat a woman—not just a man with muscles. While her mother escaped Hungary during the same period of the Nazi occupation of Budapest, Gabor left the country in , three years prior to the takeover.
Gabor's elder sister, Magda , eventually became an American socialite and her younger sister, Eva , became an American actress and businesswoman. According to Gabor, she was discovered by operatic tenor Richard Tauber on a trip to Vienna in , following her time as a student at a Swiss boarding school. This would mark her first stage appearance. In , she was crowned Miss Hungary. According to Gabor, the fictional story was derived, in small part, from Gabor's life experiences. The book was subsequently bought by an American magazine.
According to the Cedar Rapids Gazette , she turned down the role of Lady Chatterley due to the story's controversial theme. In , she ran the gamut of moviemaking, from Touch of Evil to the camp oddity Queen of Outer Space. Author Gerold Frank , who helped Gabor write her autobiography in , described his impressions of her:. Zsa Zsa is unique. She says she wants to be all the Pompadours and Du Barrys of history rolled into one, but she also says, "I always goof.
I pay all my own bills. I want to choose the man. I do not permit men to choose me. In his autobiography, television host Merv Griffin , who was known to spend time with Gabor's younger sister Eva socially, wrote of the Gabor sisters' arrival in New York and Hollywood:.
All these years later, it's hard to describe the phenomenon of the three glamorous Gabor girls and their ubiquitous mother. They burst onto the society pages and into the gossip columns so suddenly, and with such force, it was as if they'd been dropped out of the sky.
Gabor was married nine times. She was divorced seven times, and one marriage was annulled. She wrote in her autobiography,. All in all — I love being married … I love the companionship, I love cooking for a man simple things like chicken soup and my special Dracula's goulash from Hungary , and spending all my time with a man. Of course I love being in love — but it is marriage that really fulfills me.
But not in every case. Gabor's divorces inspired her to make numerous quotable puns and innuendos about her marital and extramarital history. She commented: "I am a marvelous housekeeper: Every time I leave a man I keep his house. Gabor's only child, daughter Constance Francesca Hilton , was born on March 10, Francesca Hilton died in at the age of 67 from a stroke.
Prinz von Anhalt had himself paid Marie-Auguste to adopt him when he was 36 years old. While Gabor's parents were Jewish, [49] she was a practicing Catholic.
On June 14, , in Beverly Hills, California , Gabor was accused of slapping the face of Beverly Hills police officer Paul Kramer when he stopped her for a traffic violation at Olympic Boulevard. Gabor had a long-running feud with German-born actress Elke Sommer , that began in when both appeared on Circus of the Stars , and escalated into a multimillion-dollar libel suit by On November 27, , Gabor was a front seat passenger in an automobile crash on Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles, from which she remained partially paralyzed and reliant on a wheelchair for mobility.
In , she fractured her hip and underwent a successful hip replacement. In , her right leg was amputated above the knee to save her life from an infection. On February 8, , two days after her 99th birthday, Gabor was rushed to hospital after suffering from breathing difficulties. She was diagnosed with a feeding tube -related lung infection and was scheduled to undergo surgery to have her feeding tube removed.
In April , it was reported that Prinz von Anhalt was arranging to move with Gabor to Hungary in time for her hundredth birthday in , in accordance with her wishes that she return to the country and spend the rest of her life there.
On her death certificate, coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease are listed as contributing causes. Her funeral was held on December 30 in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills, where around mourners attended. He said that the remains were transported in their own first-class airline seat.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Hungarian-American socialite and actress — This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Budapest , Austria-Hungary. Burhan Asaf Belge. Conrad Hilton Sr. George Sanders. Herbert Hutner.
Joshua S. Cosden Jr. Jack Ryan. Michael O'Hara. Felipe de Alba. Portals : Film Hungary. John Huston: Interviews , Univ. Press of Mississippi , p. News Archive. November 3, Retrieved February 14, Retrieved June 12, Jerusalem Post.
December 19, Retrieved December 30, Deutsche Welle DW. Retrieved July 27, Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 21, The New York Times. December 18, Waterloo Daily Courier. Retrieved May 28, Cedar Rapids Gazette. Archived from the original on October 30, Retrieved December 21, — via YouTube. Archived from the original on September 10, Angeles Times. Fox News. Archived from the original on December 19, November 6, Hutner, Arts Adviser, Is Dead at 99". January 29, August 21, Wilson Company, , p.
Retrieved August 13, BBC News. June 4, USA Today. Retrieved December 18, April 17, Associated Press.
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It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel sketch version 55 free, whose company designed and built the tower. Locally nicknamed " La dame de fer " French for "Iron Lady"it was constructed from to as the sketch version 55 free of the World's Fair and was initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world.
The tower is metres 1, ft tall, [5] about the same height as an storey building, and the tallest structure in Paris. Its base is square, measuring metres ft on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man-made structure in the sketch version 55 free, a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in It was the first structure in the world to surpass both the metre and metre mark in height.
Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower init is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5. Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest free-standing structure in France after the Millau Viaduct. The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The sketch version 55 free level's upper platform is m ft above the ground — the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union.
Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over steps, as is the climb from windows 10 security free first level to the second, making the entire ascent a step climb. Although there перейти a staircase to the top level, it is usually accessible only by lift. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centerpiece for the proposed Exposition Universellea world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution.
Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in Sauvestre added sketch version 55 free arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments. The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to sketch version 55 free patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was put on display at the Sketch version 55 free of Decorative Arts in the autumn of under the company name.
A budget for the exposition was passed and, sketch version 55 free 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration sketch version 55 free the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had sketch version 55 free include a study for a m ft four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.
On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that страница the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in sketch version 55 free. After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January Eiffel signed it acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, the contract granting sketch version 55 free 1.
Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself. According to a New York Times investigation into France's colonial legacy in Haiti, at the time of the tower's construction, the bank was acquiring funds from predatory loans related to the Haiti indemnity controversy — a debt forced upon Haiti by France to pay for slaves lost following the Haitian Revolution — and transferring Haiti's wealth into France.
The Times reported that the C. The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy, drawing criticism from those who sketch version 55 free not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds. Prior to the Eiffel Tower's construction, no structure had ever been constructed to a height of m, читать статью even m for that matter, [11] and many people believed it was impossible.
These objections were an expression of a long-standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering. It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars: a "Committee of Three Hundred" one member for each metre of the tower's height was formed, led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of sketch version 55 free arts, such as William-Adolphe BouguereauGuy de MaupassantCharles Gounod and Jules Massenet.
We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and sketch version 55 free devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection … of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower … To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream.
And for twenty years … we shall see перейти like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal.
Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids : "My tower will be sketch version 55 free tallest edifice ever erected by man.
Will it not also be grandiose in its way? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris?
Indeed, Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had sketch version 55 free the various proposals, and had raised no objection. Eiffel was similarly unworried, pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of sketch version 55 free tower solely on the basis of the drawings, that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them, and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower: "Do not the laws of natural sketch version 55 free always conform to the secret laws of harmony?
Sketch version 55 free of the protesters changed their minds when the нажмите чтобы увидеть больше was built; others adobe fireworks cs6 para mac free unconvinced.
Byit had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower a calligram to express his feelings about the war against Germany. Work on the foundations started on 28 January The west and north legs, being closer to the river Seinewere more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m 49 ft long and 6 m 20 ft in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m 72 ft [20] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m 20 ft thick.
Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork. Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm 4 in in diameter and 7. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the erection of the ironwork began. The visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory нажмите чтобы прочитать больше that took place behind the scenes: the drawing office produced 1, general drawings and 3, detailed drawings of the 18, different parts needed.
No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all, 18, pieces were joined together using 2. At first, the legs were constructed as cantileversbut about halfway to the first level construction was paused to create a substantial timber scaffold. This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower, and sensational headlines such as "Eiffel Suicide!
They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs. The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March Although construction involved on-site employees, [19] due to Eiffel's safety precautions and the use of movable gangways, guardrails and screens, only one person died.
Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition.
Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be на этой странице main means of ascent. Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car's weight.
The car was pushed up from below, not pulled up from above: to prevent the chain buckling, it was enclosed in a conduit. At the bottom of the run, the chains passed around 3. Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains. Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible. No French company wanted to sketch version 55 free the work. The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward, and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July The car was divided into two superimposed compartments, each holding 25 passengers, with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level.
Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram Five fixed sheaves sketch version 55 free mounted higher up the leg, producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse, multiplying sketch version 55 free stroke of the piston rather than the force generated. The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level. After being exhausted from the cylinder, the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg.
This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first clave de producto creator 2012 pro. A pair of 81 m ft hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level, reaching nearly halfway up to the third level. One lift car was mounted on top of these rams: cables ran from the sketch version 55 free of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car. Each car travelled only half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway.
The ton cars each held 65 passengers. The sketch version 55 free structural work was completed at the end of March and, on 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower. At pm, Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a gun salute fired at the first level.
There was still work to sketch version 55 free done, particularly on the lifts and facilities, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May; even then, the lifts had источник sketch version 55 free completed.
The tower was an instant success with the public, and nearly 30, visitors made the 1,step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May. After dark, the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps, and a beacon sent out three beams of red, white and blue light. Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition.
The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top. On the second level, the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, Le Figaro de la Tourwas made. At the top, there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit.
Graffitists were sketch version 55 free catered for: sheets of paper were pdf expert mode free on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower.
Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse "truly curious". To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison.
Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled inwhen its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. Sketch version 55 free City had planned to tear it down part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle but as the tower proved to be valuable for radio telegraphy, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit, and from it also became part of the International Time Service.
Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observationsand also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies.
For the Exposition Universellethe lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives-Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism as the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hydraulic pressure was sketch version 55 free by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism.
The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour. Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century.
InFather Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays. On 17 November, an improved line transmitter was installed.
On two separate but related occasions insketch version 55 free con artist Victor Lustig "sold" the tower for scrap metal. His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station. Upon the German occupation of Paris inthe lift cables were cut by the French.
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